Chapter 21: Mutation

Science Daily - March 22, 2013: By analyzing mutation rates of mitochondrial DNA and radiocarbon dating, geneticists have calculated the last common maternal ancestor for all humans at approximately 160,000 years ago. These calculations are used to determine when and where ancient modern humans migrated to and began to differentiate.

For example, using the same methods, scientists discovered that modern humans originating from Africa began a mass migration and developed significant mtDNA differences around 62,000-95,000 years ago. Although they are on the extreme low end, these findings are consistent with anthropological and archeological estimations.

Interestingly, modern day mutation rates are in conflict with mutation rates of ancient modern humans. The authors of the current study suggest that mutation rates may have been missed in the modern family studies, and to help clarify the discrepancies nuclear DNA studies would be required. 

"The results from modern family studies and our ancient human DNA studies are in conflict" says geneticist Johannes Krause.  "One possibility is that mutations were missed in the modern family studies, which could lead to underestimated mutation rates."

"As I have said so many times, God doesn't play dice with the world."  

--Albert Einstein

WOLVERINE: Well Scott, Mole Man spilled the beans...

DEADPOOL: Yeah, this crap is crazier than I am.

CYCLOPS: Well, fill us in, Logan.

WOLVERINE: Mole Man says that Dr. Doom is after this thing called the "Monad."  But Apocolypse and Mr. Sinister are involved.  Sounds like we've gotta take this Monad thing out and then--

PROFESSOR X:  I fear that destroying the Monad is beyond any of our talents. 

BEAST: Professor!  They finally made an action figure of you!  

PROFESSOR X: Yes, Beast, and not a moment too soon.

CYCLOPS: Professor!  What do we do?  The Avengers figured a bunch of stuff out and--

PROFESSOR X: --I know, Scott.  The Avengers, the Fantastic Four--my telepathic powers have enabled me to comprehend the full magnitude of our current predicament.

 

JEAN GREY: Is it as hopeless as it seems, Professor?

PROFESSOR X: It certainly seems that way, Jean.  If Reed Richards can't figure out how to stop the Monad from approaching singularity, all existence is in peril.

PROFESSOR X: Beast, go to the Baxter Building and see if you can lend some assistance to Richards; he is our only hope.

PROFESSOR X: The rest of us will help to buy him some time.  Scott, I think you know someone who may be able to provide us with assistance.  We'll need a time traveller, and--

CYCLOPS: --Professor!  Surely you don't mean...

TO BE CONTINUED IN CHAPTER 22: THE ASTRAL PLANE!!!